Overview and scope
Amitriptyline, sold historically under the brand name Elavil, belongs to the class of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). Today in the United States the generic form is prescribed far more often than the brand-name product.
Clinically, amitriptyline is approved for major depressive disorder but is commonly used at lower doses for chronic pain conditions such as neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia and to prevent migraine. It is also prescribed off-label in small doses as a sleep aid and for some functional gastrointestinal complaints like irritable bowel syndrome. For obsessive compulsive disorder, other agents are frequently preferred.
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Highlights of facts
- Active molecule: amitriptyline
- Drug family: tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)
- Common US markers: depression, certain pain syndromes, migraine prevention, low-dose insomnia therapy
- Often not first-line for OCD or primary anxiety disorders; SSRIs and related agents are preferred
- Common oral tablet strengths: 10 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg
- Typical timing: many clinicians recommend taking the dose at bedtime because of sedation
- Therapeutic onset: mood effects may take 2 to 4 weeks; analgesic or sedative effects at low doses can appear sooner
- US boxed warning: increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults
How to deal with this situation
Follow the dosing plan given by your prescriber. Individual factors such as the treated condition, response, and tolerability determine dose and schedule.
- Consume the pills with a glass of water. Taking amitriptyline in the evening typically reduces daytime drowsiness.
- Do not alter the dose or stop abruptly without clinician guidance; a gradual taper is usually advised to minimize withdrawal symptoms.
- Avoid alcoholic beverages while on therapy, since alcohol and amitriptyline both depress the central nervous system.
- Some prescribers caution about grapefruit products; ask whether this applies to your regimen.
- Allow several weeks for full antidepressant benefit; low-dose relief of pain or sleep disturbance may be noticed earlier.
For details about adverse reactions, jump to potential side effects.
Cautions for safe operation and hazard alerts
- Allergy: do not use if you have a known hypersensitivity to amitriptyline or other TCAs.
- Cardiac disease: TCAs can cause changes in heart rhythm and conduction; use with care in patients with arrhythmias, heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, or a known prolonged QT interval.
- Suicidality: monitor for worsening depression or new suicidal thoughts, particularly in younger patients and during dose adjustments.
- Anticholinergic risks: amitriptyline can worsen narrow-angle glaucoma and provoke urinary retention, especially in those with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
- Seizure threshold: the drug may lower seizure threshold; use cautiously in people with epilepsy.
- Older adults: increased sensitivity to anticholinergic effects and orthostatic hypotension; start at lower doses to reduce risk of confusion, constipation, dry mouth, and falls.
- Pregnancy and lactation: use only when benefits outweigh foreseeable risks. Amitriptyline is excreted in breast milk and can sedate the nursing infant.
- Driving and machines: avoid operating vehicles or heavy machinery until you know how the medicine affects you because it may cause drowsiness or blurred vision.
- Smoking: changes in smoking status can affect blood levels; tell your clinician if you start or stop smoking.
Secondary effects
Adverse responses vary with dose and individual sensitivity. Low-dose regimens are often tolerated well, but seek medical help for severe or concerning symptoms.
Predictable effects
- Feeling sleepy, faint, or dizzy.
- Mouth dryness sensation, constipation, and blurred vision
- Elevated hunger and growth potential weight gain
- Sweating, nausea, and mild gastrointestinal upset
- Temporary increase in anxiety or restlessness after starting treatment
Less frequent but serious effects
- Fast, irregular, or forceful heartbeat; fainting episodes
- Severe confusion and agitation, with hallucinations possible.
- Paroxysmal seizure events
- Signs of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic medicines: high fever, muscle rigidity, tremor, and severe diarrhea
- Allergic reactions such as rash, facial swelling, or breathing difficulties
This catalog is incomplete. Contact your healthcare provider or emergency services if you experience serious symptoms.
Pharmacotherapy the pattern of collaborative interactions determines group dynamics.
Tell your prescriber and pharmacist about all prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, and supplements you take. Major interactions among individuals classes include:
- MAO inhibitors: coadministration within 14 days is contraindicated because of the risk of serotonin syndrome and hypertensive reactions.
- Other serotonergic drugs: SSRIs, SNRIs, tramadol, and herbal remedies like St. John's wort increase serotonergic activity and the risk of serotonin syndrome. Some SSRIs can also raise amitriptyline concentrations by enzyme inhibition.
- QT-prolonging agents and certain antiarrhythmics: combine with caution due to additive cardiac conduction effects.
- Antipsychotics: may increase anticholinergic burden and cardiac risk.
- CYP450 inhibitors: drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 (for example fluoxetine, paroxetine, quinidine) or CYP3A4/2C19 can elevate amitriptyline levels and may require dose adjustment.
- CNS depressants: additive sedation with alcohol, benzodiazepines, opioids, and sedating antihistamines.
- Other anticholinergic medicines: combined use can worsen dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and confusion.
- Antihypertensives: may amplify dizziness or low blood pressure.
- Smoking: tobacco may reduce amitriptyline blood levels in some individuals; monitor response if smoking habits change.
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Skipped dosing and overdose on medicine
Dose not taken at scheduled time
If you forget a scheduled dose, take it when you remember unless the next scheduled dose is imminent. If the next dose is near, skip the missed one. Do not take two doses at once to offset a forgot to take a dose.
OD event
An taking an overdose of tricyclic antidepressants can be dangerous and future potentially fatal. Serious toxicity may include life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances, profound hypotension, and seizures. If an taking an overdose is suspected, call 911 immediately or contact Poison Control at 1-800-222-1222 in the United States.
Storage room, handling and disposal
- Store amitriptyline at room temperature, ideally 20 to 25 degrees C (68 to 77 degrees F). Keep the bottle tightly closed and protected from excessive moisture and light.
- Do not keep medications in bathrooms or other humid locations. Store all medicines away from children and pets.
- Dispose of unused or expired tablets through community take-back programs when available. If no take-back option exists, follow FDA recommendations for safe drug disposal.
Backup options and juxtaposed comparisons
The best a contingency option depends on the condition being treated, patient preferences, side-effect profile, and cost. Options commonly considered include:
- Other tricyclics: nortriptyline (often better tolerated), imipramine, desipramine. Clomipramine has stronger evidence for OCD among TCAs.
- SSRIs: sertraline, fluoxetine, escitalopram, and citalopram are frequently first-line for depression and many anxiety disorders.
- SNRIs: duloxetine and venlafaxine; duloxetine is also approved for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia.
- Other antidepressants: bupropion (less sedating), mirtazapine (more sedating and appetite-stimulating), vortioxetine.
- Neuropathic pain therapies: gabapentin, pregabalin, or topical lidocaine; duloxetine is another option for some patients.
- Migraine prevention choices: propranolol, topiramate, candesartan, and CGRP monoclonal antibodies may be used depending on comorbidities and cost.
Cost, tolerability, cautions against use in certain patients, and communication in action profiles help determine the optimal choice. See ballpark charges to gauge costs roughly.
US dollar pricing strategy estimates (USD)
Out-of-pocket cash prices vary by pharmacy, location, insurance, and discount programs. The ranges below are approximate retail costs for a 30-tablet supply of common generic strengths.
- Amitriptyline 10 mg, 30 tablets: about $4 to $12
- Amitriptyline 25 mg, 30 tablets: about $5 to $15
- Amitriptyline 50 mg, 30 tablets: about $7 to $18
- Amitriptyline 75 mg, 30 tablets: about $10 to $22
Representative broad price ranges for some other routes (30-count typical strengths):
- Nortriptyline 25 mg: approximately $6 to $18
- Duloxetine therapy 30 mg: approximately $8 to $30
- Sertraline administration 50 mg: approximately $5 to $20
- Gabapentin 300 mg: approximately $6 to $15
Brand Elavil is rarely stocked and will usually cost more than generic amitriptyline. Patients commonly reduce expenses by choosing generics, using pharmacy discount programs, or manufacturer coupons when available.
Status of legality in the United States
- Prescription: amitriptyline is FDA approved and available only with a prescription from a licensed healthcare professional.
- Controlled substance status: amitriptyline is not classified as a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act.
- Boxed warning: US labeling includes a warning about increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults; Medication Guides are provided when required.
- Telehealth prescribing: clinicians in most states may prescribe amitriptyline via telemedicine after an appropriate evaluation, subject to state and federal regulations.
- Importation: importing prescription drugs into the United States is generally restricted; obtaining medicines from licensed US pharmacies is advised to remain compliant with FDA rules.
- Driving and impairment laws: operating a motor vehicle while impaired by medication may violate state DUI or other statutes; do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you.
- Insurance coverage: generic amitriptyline is commonly placed on lower formulary tiers and prior authorization is uncommon for many signs that indicate.
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